Product Planning Distribution and Management (a Case Study of the Nigeria Bottling Company’s Plc, Enugu.

A Paper PRODUCT PLANNING DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT (A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY’S PLC, ENUGU. Dynamic Product arranging appropriation and the board are extremely indispensable in the creation and circulation of very assembling association. Before ever an assembling organization should come out with a decent quality item, it must experience numerous procedures, from getting ready for either short range or long, front throwing doing statistical surveying and shopper study, fighting the item and acquainting the item with the market through various channels of distribution.The point of this examination is to portray how the Nigeria packaging organization plc, Enugu is truly engaged with the procedure of item arranging, appropriation and the executives. This is finished by social affair data from specific issues for the most part connected with item arranging, and proposing medicinal measures in the wake of uncovering zones of issue. The inquiry in the poll depen ded on the examination question s created for this reason while investigation were made utilizing the chi-square (x2) test and rate from here a conversation of the discoveries, suggestion and end were made by the researcher.It is trusted that this will help chiefs in arranging, appropriation and dealing with the their items by taking viable and productive choices in these significant choice regions. For models the organization should enroll exceptionally staff and give them satisfactory preparing. Introduction This work is esteemed to high light on issues associated with item dispersion and the executives. These errands are attempted by the board to guarantee item development and increment showcase share.My explanation behind choosing the Nigeria packaging organization Plc, Enugu is because of the wide scope of produce in the market should have been assessed against the back ground of produce arranging appropriation and the executives. For the proceeded with presence of organization s items must be delivered and sold profiatably. New item should must be presented and advised and unrewarding items must be erased. List of chapters Title page Approval page Dedication Acknowledgment Abstract Preface Table of substance CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Foundation of the examination 2.Statement of the difficult 3. Goal of the investigation 4. Exploration question 5. Extent of the investigation 6. Confinement and issues 7. Importance of the examination 8. Meaning of term CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Which means of item 2. Item arrangement 3. item arranging and item advancement 4. Choice regions in item arranging 5. The capacity of item arranging 6. New item 7. Getting ready for new item 8. Item qualities 9. Item situating 10. The extending obligations of the item supervisor 11. Physical circulation 12. Physical dissemination target 3. Circulation channels 14. Choice channels of conveyance CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1. Explora tion structure or strategy 2. Zone of study 3. Populace of the examination 4. Test size assurance 5. Instrument for information assortment 6. Approval of the instrument 7. Unwavering quality of the instrument 8. Strategies for information assortment 9. Strategy for information investigation CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 1. Introduction and examination of information 2. Testing of theory 3. Synopsis of results CHAPTER FIVEDISCUSSION RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 1. Outline of finding a d conversation 2. Ends 3. Suggestions Bibliography Appendix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY An item has been characterized by the American advertising relationship as anything that can be officered to a business opportunity for consideration, securing or utilization including physical articles, administrations, characters, association and wants. An item as characterized by support in basics of showcasing. An item is a lot of substantial and elusive credits that prompt s consumer loyalty. roduct arranging grasps all the exercises that empowers an organization to figure out what item t will showcase. The executives manages every one of the individuals who have administrative duty going from the CEO down to the principal line boss, for this situation, the board is viewed to as box, that is the individuals who direct crafted by others and their own through their own offers and endeavors of others in this way, item arranging and the board, includes all the exercises that empowers an organization to figure out what it will market of item to fulfill clients needs and need respectively.This includes the procedure of viably arranging and controlling the activities of that piece of undertakings which is dependable of that piece of ventures which is answerable for the real change of materials into completed items. This incorporates all the exercises required. Away and circulation of the company’s products. This tends to the inquiries of. a. Which kin d of channels a dealer should choose for his item. b. Which specific mediators remember for each channel type and. c. Step by step instructions to the board dispersion n framework for compelling performance.The organization or firm should know the level of channel control wanted, by controlling the channel, the maker endeavors to guarantee that this item will get the fundamental deals push just as some other basic components expected to introduce the item appropriately and fulfill and clients. The organization of firm should put forth vital attempt to control the nature of the item. Item quality-the quality level to be incorporated with the item is a cognizant choice to be made by the production. A better item typically is more expensive to item than a lower quality one thus orders a more significant expense on the market.The quality level choice in this way ought to be identified with the value extend that will be appealing to the standards of expected purchasers, quality is multif aceted. It identifies with, or relies upon. Such factors as the nature of crude materials utilized the creation procedure Itself, quality controls during creation bundling or dressing of the item, cost of the item, the earth where the item is shown for purchases, the sturdiness of the item is utilized and the purchasers, desire and thankfulness when all is said in done, item quality will in general be high to the degree that any of the above variables is acceptable or high as the case may be.The quality delivered has be in accordance with request at a specific point in time in order to battle against unavailable and over stock. The organization must be careful anytime in order to comprehend what kind of item to be delivered, when to create. Instructions to deliver, whom to create for the (target market) and satisfy such an item is required. As per Charles a Scheve and Reuben M Smith. The essential objective of item the board is to guarantee that an item coordinates the needs and nee ds of buyers in its market.Then numerous business sectors wrongly think that buyers feel and go about as they do and share their wants† invalid suspicions with respect to advertisers. Results to promoting disappointments beforehand, around one hundred years back, there were hardly any makers. The venders situated kind of market was winning purchasers out weighted the quantity of makers and practically no respects was paid to customers government aides. Creation idea of showcasing theory was pervasive. What at any point was created must be expended. This goes to imply that the absolute produce idea is the whole arrangement of advantages the items gives to the consumers.No consideration was paid to item bundling, marking item quality and other significant physical characteristics of an item. As time went on, an ever increasing number of makers come into the market. This offered ascend to origination among the accessible makers utilization depended on great bundling brand picture , item quality advantageous. This is known as item idea in showcasing reasoning. It is this circumstance that constrained fabricates to invest energy in item bundling, marking, marking and so forth. Presently because of headway in both innovation and correspondence as will as creation gear brought into the flow makes the market more complicated.This is the time that realized showcasing idea. Here fabricates and makers as a matter of first importance is out to discover actually the necessities and needs of buyers, at that point the most commendable sort shading, bundle configuration, marking and naming that all best suit the longing of the potential and real customers of the item. Item organizers must attempt to coordinate the organizations assets lie what it is fit for creating with the men, cash, machines and materials it ahs with the requirements of purchasers fulfillment and most elevated organization benefits can be accomplished mind the restricted assets available.Because of th e modern idea of today’s business, numerous strategies are being applied by various organizations to retaliate rivalries and to stand immovably in the market. Numerous new items are continually being brought into the market. Trend-setters are truly carrying out their responsibility; old and gainful items are modernized while some are erased out of the market. Organizations utilize explicit and honorable bundling structure, great marking and wonderful kinds of naming to recognize their items from numerous available for use. Comparable items in the market. . 2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM In many business activities today the errand of arranging and dealing with an item isn't a simple one. Accentuation is laid on the issues related with item arranging dispersion and the executives in NBC PLC Enugu. The organization is having issues in securing crude materials. The explanation is that. a. The Federal Government restricted the importation of the base material-what? b. Neighborhood provide r don't generally have enough to give the organization. c. The neighborhood inputs must be refined to carry them to the standard record by the organization. d.Transporting the crude materials is an issue since the organization needs more f town trucks. e. The crude materials are normally massive. The organization is additionally having issues in item arranging and improvement

The Champion Lands :: Free Descriptive Essay About A Place

The Champion Lands The previous Champion Lands of Vermont comprise of 132,000 sections of land in the Northeast Kingdom of Vermont. The Northeast Kingdom of Vermont has a portion of Vermont's most broad zones of relitively remote and wild grounds. A considerable bit of the Champion Lands are situated in the Nulhegan Basin, a broad territory of northern swamp woods and wetlands ringed by slopes and mountians of moderatr rise and depleted by the Nulhegan River. The Champion Lands of Vermont are a piece of a bigger framework known as the Northern Forest. Extending 400 miles from Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean, the Northern Forest covers in excess of 25 million sections of land across New York's Tug Hill level and Adirondack Mountains and incorporates about all of northern Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. The timberland ventures north and east into Quebec and the Maritime Provinces of Canada. This broad territorial timberland contains a scope of backwoods age-classes, from early successional to, in a couple of segregated areas, develop woodland, however it is overall youthful timberland, under 100 years of age. It gives significant natural surroundings to the enormous warm blooded creatures local to the broad northeastern deciduous, coniferous and blended woods. These incorporate wild bear, catamount, deer and moose. The terrains are partitioned into three distinctive proprietorship allocates, territory has its own remarkable highlights and region of intrigue The West Mountain WMA lands are overwhelmed by three significant highlights: in the focal point of the package, West Mountain ascends to a height of 2,733 feet above ocean level; toward the north and east the land channels into a progression of little lakes in the Wheeler Stream seepage, while toward the west and south Paul Stream depletes a region commanded by Ferdinand Bog. These two stream wastes, which are tributaries of the Connecticut River, contain what is believed to be the best grouping of cold ice-contact stores in Vermont. The outcome is a profoundly shifted territory containing kames, kame moraines, eskers, and pots encompassing the safe rock of West Mountain. Indent Pond Mountain, some portion of the Nulhagan Basin sloping edge toward the north of West Mountain, isolates the Wheeler Stream and Paul Stream wastes from the Nulhegan River. The mountains and high slopes on the West Mountain WMA are unequivocally ruled by northern hardwood backwoods, while the stream wastes a re commanded by red tidy hardwood woods or marsh tidy fir woodlands, and an assortment of wetlands and lakes. The wetlands are transcendently northern white cedar swamps, tidy fir-tamarack bogs, and birch beaver glade edifices.

The Importance of Warming Up Prior To Playing Golf Essay - 1

The Importance of Warming Up Prior To Playing Golf - Essay Example While watching the sport of golf one needs to think about what planning and system occur preceding one really venturing onto the course to play. To the eye of an eyewitness, golf players will in general seem to move toward the game with a quiet standoffish quality and certainty. Indeed, even with this limited face, there is absolutely a lot of amazing aptitudes at fill in just as readiness to take on a game that requires an over the top measure of center for progress. Key planning and pre-game warm up add to this certainty. Despite the fact that the sport of golf seems a loose and laid back game it additionally in its own privilege can be extreme, requiring incredible center, physical continuance, and great perception aptitudes. So it is one must comprehend what to do to get ready genuinely to gather this concentration and perform at top execution on the course while abstaining from injury.Warming up preceding a round of golf not just upgrades adaptability, it forestalls injury and i mproves one's’ game. By heating up ones’ body in any case close muscles are extended and stretched diminishing the opportunity of pulling and stressing while at the same time considering ideal execution during ones’ swing. In today’s society, golf players go in ages from adolescents up to seniors. Unquestionably, as we age our adaptability diminishes and our bone structure changes making more noteworthy difficulties genuinely. Age doesn't really need to be an inconvenience to one’s game. It is the methodology and readiness that must change. One must regard the body as a finely tuned instrument.

Body, Wellness, and Stress Essay Example for Free

Comprehending Since Understanding Since Comprehending Since By Maeve Maddox Now and again a word that is clear in one setting, may make uncertainty in another. Consider the accompanying extract from an expert paper survey of Hotel for Dogs. The story follows 16-year-old Andi (Emma Roberts) and her 11-year-old sibling Bruce (Jake T. Austin) who, since the demise of their folks, have lived in five encourage homes more than two years. Each move is trying as they need to discover approaches to carry their beguiling Jack Russell terrier Friday, an individual from their family since more joyful occasions, into each new family. On the off chance that you havent seen the film, would you be able to tell from this passage if the kids had the pooch before their folks kicked the bucket? Dont study it. Simply base your impact on one brisk perusing. The first occasion when I read it, I thought it implied that theyd had the pooch before the guardians kicked the bucket, however as I went on with the survey, I started to think about whether the youngsters had obtained the canine in the wake of being sent into child care. In the two expressions, the word since is a relational word. The OED gives two implications for since as a relational word: 1. Ever or constantly from (a predefined time, and so on.) till now. 2. During the period between (a predefined time) and now; sooner or later resulting to or after. OED In the expression since the demise of their folks, the since marks a particular beginning stage. In the expression since more joyful occasions, the timeframe is questionable. This since could, similar to the first since, mark a beginning stage resulting to the glad occasions appreciated with their folks, or it could show a previous beginning stage, during the upbeat occasions. I havent seen the film, so to make sense of the essayists proposed meaning, I googled (Oh, dear. I made a Google search of) They had a canine named Friday and discovered this refreshingly unambiguous articulation in an audit composed by a secondary school senior: At the point when their folks were as yet alive they had a canine named Friday and after their folks died they kept the pooch Janeane White Few out of every odd peruser would have experienced issues with this section, however in any event one did. Furthermore, on the off chance that one peruser falters, its feasible that others will. To keep away from disarray, its most likely a smart thought for an essayist to abstain from utilizing a similar word twice in a similar passage, particularly words that have more than one significance, anyway slight the distinction. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsSelect versus SelectedList of Prefixes and Suffixes and their Meanings

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 17~18

Section SEVENTEEN Jonathan Livingston Reaper Amy wore a curiously large, worn out â€Å"I'M WITH STUPID† nightshirt and Local Motion flip-flops. Her hair was totally level on one side and spread out into an unlikely sunburst of spikes on the other, causing it to give the idea that she was getting hit in the side of the head by a small tropical storm, which she wasn't. She was, in any case, playing out the longest supported yawn Clay had ever observed. â€Å"Ooo ahe-e, I aya oa a,† she said in yawnspeak, a language †similar to Hawaiian †known for its scarcity of consonants. (You proceed, I'm alright, she was stating.) She signaled for Clay to proceed. Mud prompted the tape and tinkered with the sound. A whale tail in a field of blue passed by on the screen. â€Å"There's somebody outside, Captain.† â€Å"Does he have my sandwich with him?† Amy quit yawning and hurried forward on the stool she was roosted upon behind Clay. At the point when the whale tail descended, Clay halted the tape and glanced back at her. â€Å"Well?† â€Å"Play it again.† He did. â€Å"Can we get an inclination for direction?† Amy inquired. â€Å"That lodging has sound system amplifiers, isn't that so? Consider the possibility that we move the speakers far separated †would we be able to get a sense where it's coming from?†. Mud shook his head. â€Å"The mikes are directly close to one another. You need to isolate them by at any rate a meter to get any spatial data. Everything I can let you know is that it's in the water and it's not especially uproarious. Truth be told, on the off chance that I wasn't utilizing the rebreather, I'd never have heard it. You're the sound individual. What would you be able to tell me?† He ran it back and played it once more. â€Å"It's human speech.† Dirt took a gander at her as though to state, Uh-huh, I woke you up on the grounds that I required the undeniable called attention to. â€Å"And it's military.† â€Å"Why do you believe it's military?† Presently Amy gave Clay a similar look that he had quite recently got done with giving her.† ‘Captain'?† â€Å"Oh, right,† said Clay. â€Å"Speaker in the water? Jumpers with submerged interchanges? What do you think?† â€Å"Didn't sound like it. Did it sound like it was originating from little speakers to you?† â€Å"Nope.† Clay played it once more. â€Å"Sandwich?† he said. â€Å"Sandwich?† â€Å"The Old Broad said that somebody called her professing to be a whale and requested that her advise Nate to present to him a sandwich.† Amy crushed Clay's shoulder. â€Å"He's gone, Clay. I realize you don't accept what I saw occurred, however it absolutely wasn't about a sandwich conspiracy.† â€Å"I'm not saying that, Amy. Damn it. I'm not saying this had anything to do with Nate's† †he was going to state suffocating and halted himself †â€Å"accident. Be that as it may, it may have to do with the lab getting destroyed, the tapes getting taken, and somebody attempting to meddle with the Old Broad. Somebody is screwing with us, Amy, and it may be whoever is recorded on this tape.† â€Å"And it is highly unlikely the camera could have hauled a sign out of the air, something on a similar recurrence or something? A cell phone or something?† â€Å"Through a half-inch of powder-covered aluminum lodging and a hundred feet of water? No, that sign came in through the mike. That I'm certain of.† Amy gestured and took a gander at the delayed picture on the screen. â€Å"So you're searching for two things: somebody military and somebody who has an enthusiasm for Nate's work.† â€Å"No one †† Clay halted himself once more, recollecting what he'd said to Nate when the lab had been destroyed. That nobody thought about their work. In any case, clearly somebody did. â€Å"Tarwater?† Amy shrugged. â€Å"He's military. Perhaps. Forget about the tape. I'll run a spectrograph on the sound in the first part of the day, check whether I can tell if it's getting through an enhancer. I have nothing left today around evening time †I'm beat.† â€Å"Thanks,† Clay said. â€Å"You get some rest, kiddo. I'm going to hit it, as well. I'll be making a beeline for the harbor first thing.† † ‘Kay.† â€Å"Oh, and hello, the ‘kiddo' thing, I didn't mean †; Amy tossed her arms around him and kissed the highest point of his head. â€Å"You huge mook. Try not to stress, we'll traverse this.† She turned and began the entryway. â€Å"Amy?† She stopped in the entryway. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Can I ask you a†¦ individual inquiry, kinda?† â€Å"Shoot.† â€Å"The shirt †who's stupid?† She looked down at her shirt, at that point back at him and smiled. â€Å"Always appears to apply, Clay. Regardless of where I am or who I'm with, the smoke clears and the shirt is valid. You gotta cling to truth when you find it.† â€Å"I like truth,† Clay said. â€Å"Night, Clay.† â€Å"Night, kiddo.† The following day the climate was smothered, with whitecaps icing the whole channel across to Lanai and the coconut palms whipping overhead like epileptic residue mops. Earth drove by the harbor in his truck, taking note of that the lodge cruiser that Cliff Hyland's gathering had been utilizing was left in its slip. At that point he pivoted and got a glimmer of white somewhere off to the side as he drove past the hundred-year-old Pioneer Inn †Captain Tarwater's naval force whites contrasting the green shiplap. He left his truck by the goliath banyan tree nearby and bumped it over to the café. At the point when Clay came up to the table, the master was simply seating Cliff Hyland, Tarwater, and one of their graduate understudies, a youthful fair lady with a raccoon burn from the sun and straw-dry hair. â€Å"Hey, Cliff,† Clay said. â€Å"You got a minute?† â€Å"Clay, how you doing?† Hyland removed his shades and remained to shake hands. â€Å"Please, join us.† Earth took a gander at Tarwater, and the maritime official gestured. â€Å"Sorry to catch wind of your partner,† he said. At that point he thought down at his menu. The young lady sitting with them was viewing the dynamic between the three men as though she may compose a paper on it. â€Å"Just a second,† Clay said. â€Å"If I could converse with you outside.† Presently Tarwater looked up and gave Cliff Hyland a practically subtle shake of the head. â€Å"Sure, Clay,† Cliff stated, â€Å"let's walk.† He looked to the lesser analyst. â€Å"When she comes, espresso, Portuguese wiener, eggs over simple, entire wheat.† The young lady gestured. Hyland followed Clay out to the front of the lodging, which ignored the harbor filling station and the Carthaginian, a steel-hulled reproduction of a whaling brig, presently utilized as a drifting historical center. They stood one next to the other, watching the harbor, each with a foot propped on the seawall. â€Å"What's up, Clay?† â€Å"What are you all chipping away at, Cliff?† â€Å"You realize I can't discuss that. I marked a nondisclosure thing.† â€Å"You got jumpers in the water, individuals with submerged coms?† â€Å"Don't be senseless, Clay. You've seen my team. With the exception of Tarwater, they're simply kids. What's this about?† â€Å"Somebody's screwing with us, Cliff. They sank my vessel, destroyed the workplace, took Nate's papers and tapes. They're in any event, meddling with one of our sponsors. I'm not by any means sure they don't have something to do with Nate's † » â€Å"And you believe it's me?† Hyland took his foot off the seawall and went to Clay. â€Å"Nate was my companion, as well. I've realized you folks, what? Twenty-two, twenty-three years? You can't figure I'd do anything like that.† â€Å"I'm not saying you by and by. What are you and Tarwater chipping away at, Cliff? What might Nate realize that would meddle with what you're doing?† Hyland gazed at his feet. Scratched his whiskers. â€Å"I don't know.† â€Å"You don't have the foggiest idea? You realize what we're doing †make sense of it. Tune in, I realize you all are utilizing a major towable sonar rig, isn't that so? What's Tarwater taking a gander at? Some new sort of dynamic sonar? In the event that it didn't have a hinky component, he wouldn't be here on location. Mines?† â€Å"Damn it, Clay, I can't let you know! I can disclose to you that in the event that I thought it was going to hurt the creatures, or anybody in the field so far as that is concerned, I wouldn't do the work.† â€Å"Remember the naval force's Pacific Biological Ocean Science Program? Were you in on that?† â€Å"No. Winged creatures, wasn't it?† â€Å"Yeah, seabirds. The naval force went to a lot of field researcher with a huge amount of cash †needed seabirds labeled and followed, conduct recorded, populace data, natural surroundings, everything. Everybody thought the sky had opened up and begun coming down cash. Thought the naval force was doing a type of mystery sway study to protect the flying creatures. Do you recognize what the examination was really for?† â€Å"No, that was before my time, Clay.† â€Å"They needed to utilize the winged creatures as conveyance frameworks for natural weapons. Needed to ensure they could anticipate that they'd fly to the adversary. Likely fifty researchers helped in that study.† â€Å"But it didn't occur, Clay, did it? That is to say, the information was important deductively, yet the weapons venture didn't dish out.† â€Å"As far as we probably am aware. That is the point. How might we know, until a seagull drops screwing Bacillus anthracis on us?† Bluff Hyland had matured two or three years in the couple of moments they'd been remaining there. â€Å"I guarantee, Clay, if there's any sign that Tarwater or the naval force or any of the creepy folks that come around every now and then are associated with attempting to undermine you all, I'll call you in a moment. I guarantee you. Be that as it may, I can't mention to you what I'm dealing with, or why. I don't actually have subsidizing coming out my ears. In the event that I lose this, I'm instructing first year recruits about dolphin jaws. I'm not prepared for that. I should be in the field.† Mud took a gander at him sideways and saw that there was re

Rowing at MIT a guest post by Connor M. 16

Rowing at MIT a guest post by Connor M. ‘16 Rowing at MIT The heavyweight men near the Museum of Science. PC: Igor Belakovskiy ’02. Hi! I’m a rising senior studying Mechanical Engineering, and one of the most awesome experiences of my life has been rowing for MIT. I had never rowed before college, but I fell in love with the sport and can’t imagine my MIT years without it. I am sharing my story with you because I think a lot of you might be like me and would feel the same about crew. Before I tell you all about it, check out this short video of the heavyweight men so you can see what the sport is like: Growing up, I never thought I’d become a college rower. I was a swimmer in high school who had become tired of staring at the bottom of a swimming pool, but I wanted to continue my involvement in sports at MIT. I felt it was important to stay in shape and to keep my mind off school for some time each day. The first time I thought of taking up rowing was as a pre-frosh, at the CPW of 2012. My host was a rower on the men’s lightweight team (there are varsity heavyweight/openweight and lightweight crew teams for men and women) and he introduced me to the sport. I watched one of his races on the Charles River that weekend, and admired the eight rowers in each boat who rowed in sync as they balanced narrow shells through stiff winds. It looked graceful, but I knew from my conversation with my CPW host that the athletes were enduring grueling self-imposed pain. Sounded like my kind of sport. The lightweight men got to go to England this summer to compete at the Henley Royal Regatta. That Fall, at the first day of practice, a bunch of novices crowded around a bench swing on the boathouse dock. That would be our meeting spot with Evan, the assistant coach for the men’s heavyweight team and the man who would teach us the basics of the sport. After a few days of “erging” (an ergometer is essentially a rowing treadmill) and rowing in the boathouse’s indoor tank, we were given the green light to take a boat out on the water. Once we started to get the hang of it, it was a ton of fun! Rowing shells move a lot faster than I had expected. That first day on the river we rowed up to Harvard and back. It was really cool to see different parts of Boston and Cambridge from the water. The openweight women’s 1st varsity 8 swinging through Eliot Bridge. As the leaves started to fall, lining the river with red and gold, we had progressed enough to start practicing with the varsity squad. The upperclassmen taught me all about rowing and rocket science (about half of them were Aero/Astro Engineering majors). They became some of my closest friends and mentors. Being in a boat together forms strong connections between people. Everyone has a single common goal (to make a boat go fast), and that requires a lot of self-sacrifice and a will to work as a unit. To not buy into that is to diminish the effectiveness of your teammates. I’ve found it’s a lot easier to put in my best effort every day, even when school is tough, if I remind myself that the effort is helping people that I care about succeed. The lightweight women after a cross-country ski workout. When Boston got 110 inches of snow last winter, they figured they should put it to good use. Being on the team has some cool perks. Every year we take a winter break trip to Cocoa Beach, FL, where we spend ten days away from snow covered Boston. Rowing is the total focus of the trip. We practice twice a day and spend the rest of the time recovering (namely napping on the beach, watching the occasional rocket launch off Cape Canaveral, or eating piles of ribs and wings at our favorite BBQ place). It’s great to spend time with the team away from our school commitments. Those Florida evenings never get old. PC: Jesse Chang ’18. One of the awesome things about rowing is that it is one of the few sports that you can pick up in college and be successful on a national or even international level (if you work hard enough). It’s more important in rowing to be gritty, perseverant and coachable than to be naturally talented. This season, all four MIT crew squads had athletes in their top boat who had learned to row at MIT, a successful Division I program. So if you’re someone who enjoys hard work and being outside every day, you should consider rowing. We’d be glad to have you on the team! If youre interested in walking onto the team for the 2015-2016 season, feel free to get in touch with our assistant coach, Kayleigh Durm, at [emailprotected] for more info.

Combating Juvenile Delinquencies Essay - 1650 Words

Combating Juvenile Delinquencies (Essay Sample) Content: Combating Juvenile DelinquenciesStudents Name:Institution:Juvenile DelinquenciesIntroductionJuvenile delinquency is wide-spread among young people as they transform from childhood to adulthood in a confusing way, and this becomes an issue in the current world. This creates a serious impact on the relation between young people and their social norms and values at large. DiscussionWhat the community is undertaking currently in preventing juvenile crime is briefing the victim to understand the seriousness of the matter, and the social department organizing process of developing reconciliation for the offence committed. On the other hand, crime prevention is well achieved through the court of justice, department of criminal justice where all parties are seriously involved in determining how to deal with the case and the repercussions to the future in the best way possible. The community is currently working in cooperative efforts to reduce delinquencie s within the community and this is done through personal efforts and by joining others in unified initiatives. However, they all are playing a role in nurturing and protecting the children regardless of their race within the community. Parents also are working by setting up clear future and standards for childrens behavior and even the community is going far by forming a community policing as a way of prevention of juvenile delinquencies. Early preventive measures are also currently in the process within the mainly affected areas and those in the risk of the vices. Some of the already identified groups are working on educational programs in helping young people learn how to stay positive in life and control aggression, they are even going ahead by training the young on how to find alternative options to illegal behavior.The community is currently working with the state, and the non-governmental organizations to combat and mobilize juvenile crimes within the community. They are reduc ing serious and violent behaviors, through multi agency, approaching organization and services in juvenile court of justice to inform about crimes committed, and also being in the forefront in fast tracking, and preventing the act of delinquencies. Furthermore, the communities are mobile with the greater speed by ensuring that the non-governmental organizations are initiating programmed sets to give youth legal alternatives of generating income, on the other hand, the NGOs are working on providing professional training, education and assisting in organizing business ideas that prevent youth from engaging in diligent activities. Another idea carried out within the community is changing urban environment and providing leisure time for the juvenile delinquent groups. Deterrence and rational theory are the ones that explain the number of crimes someone has been doing in the community to the extent that has been severally worn and this helps the community in identifying what needs to be done to the individual so as to avoid mistakes he/she has been making and the person could be arrested to face the law in the juvenile court of justice. They believe that human beings are rational in the sense that they know what is right and wrong and what is required by the law (Woolard,2009).In psychological theory this concept is used as a test to determine character traits, and more so, the personality development and it also focuses on early childhood development, as a test means to use different questions to measure personality traits such as stress and depression in a way that affects someone to the extent that he/she indulges in deliquesces. The theory believes that a criminal commits crimes because of a problem he may be having within the community (Siegel et al., 2011). By the use of local initiative to demonstrate public awareness/information campaign with the aid of this, community uses such as a way of showing the concern groups on how diligences are endangering their lives. It is also made by identifying the local programmers that have successfully succeeded in delinquency prevention. For example, local media can assist in delivering the information required to the targeted delinquency organization. This is achieved through setting aside time for an advert to appear during a particular period. In the process of routing out the problems, the selected working groups would have time to research a number of activities and highlight the usu...

Conceptions of Business Sustainability and the Role for HR Developer Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Most organizations have always overlooked the significance of training in the past but with recent progressions in employee retention and development, competence is among the key elements observed by companies before employing HR developers. Additionally, corporate professions also continue to emphasize competencies as constructs as promising aspects of human behavior in a working environment. Typically, a qualified trainer influences the theories of developing human abilities, understanding, and general skills. Moreover, the different competencies make it easier for them to manage and address the relevant application areas. Functional expertise and leadership skills under management depict sufficient estimation of employee effective factors under knowledge and development. Evaluation of competencies for a staff member such as the HR developer or other employees is a practice that organizations analyze under knowledge management; however, this is different from the customary approach es. Attaining the HR developer competencies represents a set of skills relevant to the required actions in a certain field or organization. Furthermore, employees are required to improve their abilities and proficiency constantly to meet the organization s demands; moreover, the organization must also be equipped with a competent development manager that can handle the strain and therefore both parties comprehending the significance of competency requirements. We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptions of Business Sustainability and the Role for HR Developer or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Francis Bacons Scientifically Revolutionary Utopia Essay

Francis Bacon’s Scientifically Revolutionary Utopia nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The New Atlantis is a seventeenth century depiction of a utopia by Francis Bacon. In this novel, Francis Bacon continues on More’s utopian ideas. Unlike More, however, Bacon relied on societal change via advancements in science and ones own awareness of his environment rather than through religious reforms or social legislation. The seventeenth century marks a period in history where drastic social change occurred. This change, however, was not as much political or technological but religious. During this time, the introduction of ideas and theories, starting with the renown Galileo and Isaac Newton, spread a wave of enlightenment across Europe as people†¦show more content†¦With Galileo’s telescope, however, he discovered that the church had mistakenly chosen the earth to be the center of the universe rather than the sun. Although this may seem like an insignificant error, it opened people’s eyes and made them aware of the fact that the church could be questioned. Prior to this time period, many facts of life were preached by the church and accepted by the people without question. Galileo’s discovery, however, proved to the people that the church could be questioned, thereby sparking the curiosity of the people and the beginning of a scientific revolution, which would last throughout the next century. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With the turn of the century and the beginning of the scientific revolution, discoveries made by Galileo and Newton lead to a new and more curious generation of people. With societies’ newly found desire to gain knowledge and awareness of their environment and surroundings, even utopian thinkers such as Francis Bacon began to theorize that advancements in science and developing a better understanding of the world was the crucial step in arriving at the nirvana they dream of. A world where people apply their knowledge of nature, politics, health, and beauty to improve their lives and essentially become happier people. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From the beginning of New Atlantis, when the sailors stumble upon aShow MoreRelatedFrancis Bacon15624 Words   |  63 Pages  Francis Bacon: A Moralist Bacon is not a true moralist. His morality is a saleable morality. He is a moralist-cum-worldly wise man. Bacon appears as a moralist in his essays, for he preaches high moral principles and lays down valuable guidelines for human conduct. Some of his essays show him as a true lover and preacher of high ethical codes and conducts. For instance, in â€Å"Of Envy†, he puts: â€Å"A man that hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others.† Then, in his essay â€Å"Of Goodness

The Myth of the Bra Burning Feminists of the Sixties

Who was it who said, â€Å"History is but a fable agreed upon?† Voltaire? Napoleon? It doesn’t really matter (history, in this case, fails us) because at least the sentiment is solid. Telling stories is what we humans do, and in some cases, veracity be damned if the truth isn’t as colorful as what we can make up. Then theres what psychologists call the Rashomon Effect, in which different people experience the same event in contradictory ways. And sometimes, major players conspire to advance one version of an event over the other. Burn, Baby, Burn Take the long-held assumption, found even in some of the most respected history books, that 1960s feminists demonstrated against the patriarchy by burning their bras. Of all the myths surrounding women’s history, bra burning has been one of the most tenacious. Some grew up believing it, never mind that as far as any serious scholar has been able to determine, no early feminist demonstration included a trash can full of flaming lingerie. The Birth of a Rumor The infamous demonstration that gave birth to this rumor was the  1968 protest of the Miss America contest. Bras, girdles, nylons, and other articles of constricting clothing were tossed in a trash can. Maybe the act became conflated with other images of protest that did include lighting things on fire, namely public displays of draft-card burning. But the lead organizer of the protest, Robin Morgan, asserted in a New York Times article the next day that no bras were burned. â€Å"That’s a media myth,† she said, going on to say that any bra-burning was just symbolic. Media Misrepresentation But that didn’t stop one paper, the Atlantic City Press, from crafting the headline â€Å"Bra-burners Blitz Boardwalk,† for one of two articles it published on the protest. That article explicitly stated: â€Å"As the bras, girdles, falsies, curlers, and copies of popular women’s magazines burned in the ‘Freedom Trash Can, the demonstration reached the pinnacle of ridicule when the participants paraded a small lamb wearing a gold banner worded ‘Miss America.† The second story’s writer, Jon Katz,  remembered years later that there was a brief fire in the trash can—but apparently, no one else remembers that fire. And other reporters did not report a fire. Another example of conflating memories? In any case, this certainly was not the wild flames described later by media personalities like Art Buchwald, who wasnt even near Atlantic City at the time of the protest. Whatever the reason, many media commentators, the same ones who renamed the  womens liberation movement  with the condescending term Womens Lib, took up the term and promoted it. Perhaps there were some bra-burnings in imitation of the supposed leading-edge demonstrations that didnt really happen, though so far theres been no documentation of those, either. A Symbolic Act The symbolic act of tossing those clothes into the trash can was meant as a serious critique of the modern beauty culture, of valuing women for their looks instead of their whole self. Going braless felt like a revolutionary act—being comfortable above meeting social expectations. Trivialized in the End Bra-burning quickly became trivialized as silly rather than empowering.  One Illinois legislator was quoted in the 1970s, responding to an  Equal Rights Amendment  lobbyist, calling feminists braless, brainless broads. Perhaps it caught on so quickly as a myth because it made the womens movement look ridiculous and obsessed with trivialities. Focusing on bra burners distracted from the larger issues at hand, like equal pay, child care, and reproductive rights. Finally, since most magazine and newspaper editors and writers were men, it was highly unlikely they would give credence to the issues bra burning represented: unrealistic expectations of female beauty and body image.

Only Ignorant People Support the Many Wars on Terrorism...

Lets get together to fight this Holy Armagiddyon (One Love!), So when the Man comes there will be no, no doom (One Song!). Have pity on those whose chances grows tinner; There aint no hiding place from the Father of Creation. Lyrics from the song One Love by Bob Marley When it comes to foreign policy and Americas role in the world, we are rarely a true democracy; we rarely even have much idea of what is going on. This veil of ignorance has contributed in no small part to the endless series of ghastly events. If we are to prevent a repetition of them, we as citizens must reclaim some authority over our role in the world, and not simply endorse every war on terrorism. Simple justice and morality demand that we†¦show more content†¦Human empathy or identification with the people of this storm-tossed, largely poverty-stricken region is in short supply. Nor-and this is the most significant point-are most of us truly aware of the role the U.S. has played, for generations, overtly and covertly, in the world that was once the Ottoman Empire. As Professor Abou El Fadl has noted, the destruction of that culture at the hands of an advancing Western imperialism eventually laid much of the Islamic world bare for the attractions of a dogmatic, warlike, fundamentalist variant of Islam. At times we have connived at this development, most obviously in the now bitterly ironic fact that we supported Osama bin Laden and his allies in Afghanistan in the 1980s in their effort to expel Soviet forces. Indeed, our interest in the Arab world (apart from our desire for inexpensive natural resources and markets for our products) often seemed limited to any assistance we might wring from it in the war against communism. No wonder, as reportedShow MoreRelatedWhen The Emperor Was Divine1132 Words   |  5 Pagesmore than one hundred thousands people of Japa nese heritage living on the west coast of the United States. In the midst of World War II, F.D.R. instituted this order following popular opinion and poor advice from his cabinet. This dismal decision was made in the wake of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, as Anti-Japanese paranoia was increasing. This terrible event left a scar on the rather spotless-at least to the public eye- profile of the United States. There were many factors that led to this ratherRead MoreSyrian Refugees Should Not Be Allowed Into America1169 Words   |  5 PagesSince 2011, more than 250,000 people have been killed in the Syrian civil war. Millions of other Syrians are searching for a secure home. America could provide a home to these Syrians if they were well prepared and funded. Taking in Syrian refugees would have no help to Syria, be dangerous for American citizens and be an extremely ignorant move, considering we are not prepared for almost 50,000 refugees. Syrian refugees should not be allowed into Ame rica. If Americans do take in refugees, this willRead MoreTerrorism is not a derogatory moral classification; rather, it is a mode of warfare1600 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism is not a derogatory moral classification; rather, it is a mode of warfare. Terrorism is a tactic, yet it is a term used derogatorily to describe a certain group of people because of events in the recent past. Because of a sweeping generalizations about those that commit act of terrorism, terrorism has been turned into a â€Å"dirty† word to describe people, instead of the act that the word actually defines. Why do people decide to use terrorism as a derogatory moral classification? What causesRead MoreThe Impact Of Budget Cuts On Educational Institutions And Its Economic Effects1669 Words   |  7 PagesA society’s culture is built through time and consists of many variables that can depend on many different factors. For a person to understand the relativism of other cultures they must open their mi nd and try to see from another perspective. Through this assignment I will put my shift my mind to an outsider’s etic view to enable me to examine my own culture. Furthermore, I will jump on the side of an insider to gain the emic perspective of a culture as if I have lived in it. In this paper IRead MoreThe World Perception of the Muslim Culture2534 Words   |  10 Pagesknown world, human beings practice various religions and hold different beliefs. Some of these systems of belief are based on some of the same works and others are created out of other books, stories, or legends. No one religion can be proven to be the only correct one and that has led to eons of fighting between religious factions, each group willing to commit acts of violence to promote their religion as superior, even willing to commit grave crimes against humanity itself in the name of religious superiorityRead MoreThe History of the Ku Klux Klan and their Modern Day Actions Essay1560 Words   |   7 Pagesgroups. It is motivated in a culture with only one race through their eyes. The KKK has used violence and actions above the law to support their cause. It has been around for more than 130 years while it continues to thrive in America’s society today. The Ku Klux Klan began after the civil war in the Southern United States. These southern people suffered much from the effects of this war. Many lost their homes, plantations, friends and loved ones to the war. In 1865, a club was started to helpRead MoreReligion And Its Effect On Society1627 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion, lifestyles, and people derive morality. Religion studies and analyzes its concept, terms, arguments and practices. Religion affects our society in numerous ways, both can be in a good and bad way. With the different kinds of religion, one can choose which religion they should follow based on what they personally believe. In our country’s society, we respectfully allow people to practice on their religious beliefs even though some countries do not allow people to have freedom on what religionRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On America1613 Words   |  7 PagesKarthik Reddy Mr. Cicoria Rhetoric, Composition Literature-6 27 January 2016 Racial Profiling in America Post 9/11, racial profiling exhibited by law enforcement not only to my race but other minorities in America has been unacceptable and can be rectified by establishing better and more efficient security procedures in airports that are not tied to or based upon race. The significance of national security is of great importance as we, members of a civilized society, are in an age where our peaceRead MoreThe Iraq War: Nothing to Win and Everything to Lose Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesthat officially started the war in Iraq, the U.S. government fails to acknowledge that our efforts in the Middle East have plagued, and that it is time to bring our troops home. The surge campaigns in recent years are felt by many to be an unofficial recognition that the war isn’t going well, and many top generals have had high hopes for this military strategy, but overwhelming evidence concludes this was a short-lived success. No one can deny the financial toll the Iraq war is having on America, ourRead MoreUnited States Involvement in Organized Conspiracy 1184 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Involvement in Organized Conspiracy Was the war in Iraq a means to improve national security or a conspiracy to seek personal satisfaction? On March 19, 2003 a war was waged under public scrutiny, to destroy the Baathist regime headed by the Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein. This pivotal point in United States history marked the beginning of public concern about political corruption within our government as a means to convey personal satisfaction. National security became the ground

Similar Themes but Dissimilar Fate Free Essays

Parallel incidents that can be found in â€Å"Pyramus and Thisbe† and Shakespeare’s â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† demonstrate Shakespeare’s adaptation of the tragic myth. The mere mention of the myth in Act 5, confirms the playwright’s attempt to imitate the theme of the story. However, in contrast to the other, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† being a comedy, offers a happy ending, where lovers are united and blessed by fate. We will write a custom essay sample on Similar Themes but Dissimilar Fate or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story of Pyramus and Thisbe occurs as a play within â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream. † It is presented in Theseus’s wedding, supposedly to satirize the love between Lysander and Hermia. However, a twist occurs in the end, giving the play a happy ending, thus departing from the real context of the myth. Parallelism between the two can be recognized in the theme, characterization, and plot. Both use the theme of forbidden love and disobedience. The beginning of the play suggests a close thematic resemblance to the myth. Egeus, the father of Hermia, seeks Theseus’s judgment regarding his disobedient daughter. Hermia, the daughter, is arranged to marry Demetrius, but she loves another man named Lysander, who also occurs in the scene. The lovers are very much in love but Egeus refuses to have them marry because of a promise he has given Demetrius. From this, we can see parallelism in the theme of forbidden love and disobedience of children to their parents. However, the presence of Demetrius is an addition, because in the myth, there is no mention of a third party. As such, Demetrius’s character is one element that suggests Shakespeare’s intention of dissuading from the old lovers’ myth. Like Pyramus and Thisbe, Lysander and Hermia are blinded by their love. That night, they profess their love for one another. Like the lovers in the myth, they seem unable to live without each other. Therefore, they plan to elope to Lysander’s aunt’s house to get married in secrecy. In doing so, they need to trod a forest where they meet a different fate. Similarly, Pyramus and Thisbe, being forbidden to continue with their love, decide to elope the next night and see each other at a monument, where they meet a tragic ending. This event in the plot makes a good resemblance with that of the myth, where lovers decide to take full control of their fate. However, just like the old myth goes, the lovers are doomed not to have everything going according to their plans. In Act 3 of the play, we see Shakespeare’s intention to make a twisted ending with the decision Lysander makes. As Lysander and Hermia lose each other in the forest, we find another parallelism where Pyramus fails to see Thisbe in the designated place. According to the myth, Pyramus does not find Thisbe and thinks that she is slain by a lion. In thinking so, he kills himself, and when Thisbe sees him dying, she does the same. Taking resemblance to the myth, Lysander is supposed to meet his death in the forest. This should happen in the hands of Demetrius who decides to take revenge over him for losing Hermia. However, the death of Lysander that the audience expects does not happen. Instead of dying like Pyramus, Lysander confesses his change of heart to Demetrius, â€Å"Content with Hermia! No; I do repent The tedious minutes I with her have spent. Not Hermia but Helena I love: Who will not change a raven for a dove? (Act 3, Scene 2) He confesses that he has had a change of heart and does not love Hermia anymore. Instead, he loves Helena, the girl who loves Demetrius. Because of this twist, Lysander is saved from potential death. Similarities in characterization can be recognized in the two literary texts. In the myth, the characters are too overcome by love, as in the play. Specifically, we see Thisbe and Hermia with great similarity in their intentions. In her dialogue with Demetrius, Hermia shows characteristics of Thisbe of being passionate to her love and willing to die. She pleads to Demetrius, â€Å"For thou, I fear, hast given me cause to curse, If thou hast slain Lysander in his sleep, Being o’er shoes in blood, plunge in the deep, And kill me too. † (Act 3, Scene 3) This shows the discernment of Hermia to die instead of living without Lysander. Like Thisbe, Hermia feels there is no tomorrow if she will not be reunited with Lysander. More than the characterization, we see a similarity in the portrayal of women in the two plots. Both assign women martyr roles of being true to their lovers. Not only do we see Hermia deeply in love with Lysander, but Helena with Demetrius as well. As such we see that the centuries that passed between the myth foretold and the writing of the play did not effect the way women are perceived in the society. As both literary texts contain, they are pictured as martyrs who await their lovers, willing to give up their life for the sake of the other. The theme, characterization, and some parts of the plot demonstrate similarities between the two works. This only shows that the theme of forbidden love among youths is very recurrent in literature. Specifically, the theme of disobedience to one’s parents reveal imitation of the myth. In addition, the characterization which suggests the theme of loyalty despite death as seen in Hermia clearly resembles that of myth. The readiness to die just to escape suffering, and follow a lover till death are also elements taken from â€Å"Pyramus and Thisbe. † Overall, while the play shares similarities with the myth, Shakespeare’s disposition to end his play in a more romantic way provides the characters with a different fate. How to cite Similar Themes but Dissimilar Fate, Papers

Communication Skills for Postgraduate Study †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Skills for Postgraduate Study. Answer: Overpopulation in India, Global Issue: Introduction Overpopulation is a serious threat to our own existence (Lahore, 2017). This issue should not be addressed only in just few countries rather it is the serious issue that needs to be addressed in the whole world. India is the clear image of increasing population as every corner of India is overcrowded. This report illustrates the causes for rapid growth of population in India and consequences of overpopulation. This report also discusses some of the policies and methods to control the over population in India in order to make the pace between the rapid growth of population and economic growth. Discussion India is now the living place for 1.2 billion people and by the middle of this century, the population of India is predicted to increase to 1.8 billion people. According to the Indian Census of 2011, the population of India was 1,210,193,422 which showed that India is following the China in case of population growth. The various studies conducted by experts have estimated that surprisingly India will be global number one most populous country by the end of year 2025. In India, every corner of the countries accounts for overpopulation as the number of people is increasing at a very fast rate compared to the growing infrastructure. The evidences of overpopulation can be seen in every place such as in metro station, railway station, roads, market, hospital and others. The issue of overpopulation is growing on a daily basis without any sign of control. These places are overcrowded with people just fighting to adjust itself in the given area. For example, in hospitals and railway station people are seen suffering due to lack of places such as patients in hospital are just left on grounds due to unavailability of beds and are not treated. This has been the increasing concern about the society; however, nothing being done for the purpose. The population has already been increasing at a very fast rate and is estimated to increase even further (Singh, Singh, Srivastava 2016). The evidences are seen in every city of the country such as New Delhi, the capital of the country alone portrays a population of 23 million. This comprises of a large part of the 1.8 billion total population of the country. This shows that the megacities of the country have huge population compared to small cities. Thus, a gap is instantly visible between different cities of the country regarding population pressure. Pressure of population is seen in the country as according to recent researches it is estimated that the company adds 700,000 inhabitants every year. This shows the percentage of population pressure the country allows in its boundary, which is causing overcrowding in many places (Basha 2016). The amount of overpopulation is also visible in the society as most of the people are unable to get the access to basic amenities of life. People are stuck in lines and crowd for municipal trucks to supply waters in some of the areas especially slums. This shows the concern and incr easing Global issues in the country that arises from a major issue that is overpopulation (Coale, Johnson, Edgar 2015). The Indias population is expanding due to advancement in medical technologies and growth in production of agriculture (Lahore, 2017). The other cause for the growth of population in India is that the birth rate is higher than the death rate. As it is seen that the birth rate is increasing continuously in the country because of various reason. However, the country has been able to reduce the death rate, there are still increasing birth rate. This the combination of low death rate and increasing birth rate has increased the pressure even more on the country with no signs of control. The reason of increasing population is also visible due to betterment in the standard of living of the people and increase in life expectancy (Cassen 2016). It is suggested by the theory of demographic transition that after certain level of decline in birth rate and family sizes, the fertility level of the people will again increase as the country develops. Thus, the ability of the country to recover from u nderdevelopment to development is causing negative impacts, which is visible from population growth (Thomas 2014). The universal practice of early marriage of girls still exists in the India which is also one of the causes of higher birth rate of infants (Phukan, 2014). Another important factor leading to overpopulation in India is the poverty as people think that more children will earn more money. In addition to it, illiteracy is also one of the leading factors for rapid growth of the population. Another cause of overcrowding is the correlation between the situation of overpopulation and poverty. The correlation exists very strongly between these two factors as due to increasing poverty and inability of the people to buy birth control measure leads to population growth. They are unable to buy the modern methods and tools by which they can control the birth of children. Moreover, poverty also leads to inability of the people to take good education from a well renowned place, which leads to illiteracy. Such situation makes it unable for the people to realize the negative effect of population growth and importance of population control (Moghadam, Helbich 2013). Another factor is the age old norms as in India people believes that male child is the bread earner of the families and parents are pressurised to produce the children till male child is born(Phukan, 2014). Migration is yet another reason of growing population in the country as people are migrating from other country to India for various reasons. Most of the migration is illegal in the country such as from Bangladesh. These people migrate to India for some illegal activities and then start a new living here. However, the main cause of such increasing illegal migration is the bad and inappropriate political structure of the country. These politicians and their rivalry allow these people to settle in the country for their own benefits and monetary values (Bokde, Gupta, Kulat 2017). There are several impacts of overpopulation. First of all, there is unemployment as it is very difficult to generate job for such a huge population. Secondly, there is pressure on infrastructure as the infrastructure facilities development is not keeping pace with the rapid expansion of population. Moreover, the number of slums, overcrowded houses and traffic congestion increases with rapid growth of population. Not only this, the resources are being overutilised which leads to shortage of resources and the resources like forest; land areas are being over exploited. There is unequal dispensation of the inequalities and income within the country as the population is growing at rapid rate in India (Phukan, 2017). Another major impact of over population is fall in capital formation. Near about 35% of the population in India is below the age of 14 who are dependent on others for their survival. Therefore, the capacity reduces due to pressure of dependent which results in the downfall of capital formation (Ram, 2014). Rapid growth of population increases the pressure on agriculture land and leads to several environmental problems like water pollution , air pollution , land pollution and noise pollution (B. Joson.etal, 2010) India is suffering from economic inequality, which is giving birth to the poverty at an increased rate. The issue of overpopulation involved grew more critical nature due to the advancements in the field of artificial intelligence. Automation has intended to threaten 70% lose in workforce along with the million of job losses which are already happening in the production sectors of IT. E-Commerce has lacked to take up this far due to the cuts in job which is not as competitive as in the marketplace. Excessive population is leading to the breakdown of the institutions and it is making all plans to bring improvements in the infrastructure of the country. This further incorporates that Government of India which is struggling to enact reforms since the time of Independence (Singh et al 2015). The result of the growth of population is a bigger problem that the entire world would face later or sooner. Drinking water, treatments of sewage, lack of rainfall, rapid depredation of the natural resources and the extinction of many animal and plant species due to the excess cutting of trees and the loss of economic system, increasing the level of life threatening water, air and due to the extreme poverty, these problems are taking place at a larger scale. Due to overpopulation, there is an increase in the number of jobless people and the development of the business is slow (Grimmet et al 2013; Singh et al 2015). This resulted to the communication gap and the lack of healthcare, education and housing. Production in food is decreasing and this is also leading to the increasing of the price of the remaining food. With the increasing of population, there is an inequitable distribution of the income, which is making the poverty in India intense. The illiteracy is also responsible for t he growth of population. Early marriages and excess childbirth without any family planning is also an important impact of the over population. To top of this, unemployment is another important result of the impact of this bigger issue. Finally, the over population is affecting the changes in the economic trend of the country. However, with the advancement in the field of technology in India, is leading to the decline of child mortality rate in India (Grimmet et al 2013) In order to control the population of India, the government of India should start a population policy so that rapid growth of population can keep pace with the economic growth of the country (Phukan, 2017). Increasing the welfare and status of women and girls, spread of education, increasing awareness for the use of contraceptives and family planning methods, sex education, encouraging male sterilisation and spacing births, free distribution of contraceptives and condoms among the poor, encouraging female empowerment, more health care centres for the poor, to name a few, can play a major role in controlling population (Phukan, 2014). The most important factor which plays a very significant role in controlling the population is the Public awareness and strict government rules which will keep pace between the economic growth and rapid population growth. The higher level of education to the women can delay the marriage which can help to reduce the birth rate and decreases the fertility level (Birdsall Nancy, 1997) Its not just the India or China who are dealing effectively with the consequence of rapid growth of population rather it is the high time for all the world wide forums to come up with the better solution to this global issue of overpopulation so as to make the world a better tomorrow. The population of India can be controlled by the raising status of the women. The women in India are still suffering from discrimination and they are allocated to the field of rearing and bringing up children. Therefore, women must be bestowed with opportunities in order to develop economically and socially. The mode of free education should be handed over to them (Rifaat 2015). Spread of the education is necessary to bring changes in the outlook of people. The educated people give preference to the delay of marriages and adopting the smaller norms of family. Educated women are having health conscious and tend to avoid frequent pregnancies and thus helping the decreasing in the rate of fertility (Uniyal et al 2016). Some parents do not have any children. Despite the costly medical check- ups, it is better advisable that they must look forward to bring up orphan children. It would be beneficial to the orphan children and the children couples. A peoples social outlook goes under transformation. Marriage should no longer be taken into consideration as a social binding. The women who are issue less should not be looked down (Uniyal et al 2016). The first and important measure of the overpopulation is to raise employment areas in the urban as well as in the rural areas. Naturally, in the rural areas, there exists disguised form of unemployment. Therefore, efforts are needed to be made in order to migrate the people who are jobless from the rural areas to the urban sides. This important step can check the population growth in future. If the development in the sectors of Industry and agriculture takes place, then there would a larger number of people would get employment. Once their income is increased, they would make improvements in their living standard of the living and start adopting norms of small family. Bringing improvements in the standard of living which would prevent to a larger family norm. In order to regulate their higher standard of living, people would prefer to have a small family. According to many writers, the people who earn less than the rupees 100 per month, which is dependent on the production at an average rate of 3.4 children and the people who earn more than rs.300 per month having the reproduction rate of 2.9 children. It is on the peoples record that in the urban places, there exists low birth rates than those women who are living in the rural areas. Urbanization in the rural areas is to be encourages in order to bring enlightenment in the mindset of the people. Marriages should take place in the age of 30 years. This would further reduce the period of reproduction among the group of females, which would bring down the period of reproduction among the females down the line of the birth rate. The government has fixed the minimum marriage at the 21 years for the males group and for the females group it is 18 years Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be deduced that the issue of population is increasing uncontrollably in the country causing various harmful effects. The authorities in the country are taking few actions such as family planning, economic growth, education system, health facilities and others. However, it is seen that it is difficult to implement such steps in the population control measure due to the huge size of the country. Moreover, people in the country are ot supportive and have their own views and ideas that create a barrier for the policy makers t implement such policies. The main people that might create a problem are the political system in the country that can do anything for their own goods irrespective of anything. However, it can be seen that even though it might take time yet the control measures will have some long-term beneficial measures on the population. For example, educating the poor will take time; however, they will slowly be aware of the need to control populat ion in the country. TLC501 Research Paper: Written Response to Feedback In the first assignment, I made several mistakes as I divided the entire essay in only three parts which was insufficient for the assignment. The possible reasons of the errors and the improvements were also not discussed elaborately before concluding the essay. Firstly, the errors occurred as I had chosen the incorrect form of the thesis. The format that I applied was in the report format and hence, I did not include the critical discussion, and applied only the explanation part. Since I used the report format, my thesis did not outline a thesis statement but only the entire structure of the thesis. Moreover, since I used many sub-headings of the report format, I did not emphasize on the noticeable topic sentences for each paragraph and section. After acknowledging the errors, I started adjusting the structure of the thesis and attached the format of argumentative thesis in my second assignment. This time, I listed the significant thesis statement in the introduction statement and I used most of the topic sentences in the opening of each paragraphs. The most difficult and challenging task of this portion was the construction of the opening statements as there were impact of traditional Taiwanese writing context which were indirect and obscure. In other words, the traditional Taiwanese writing emphasized the facts and contradict views before addressing the prime idea. Therefore, the reconstruction of the paragraph in a direct and clear way was the most tough task for me. The second error that I had done was about the punctuation, grammar and the sentence structure. In this part, the most difficult problem that I had faced here is of not using the correct forms articles. I had faced this even when I was studying EAP course in MIT in the previous year. Even at that time, I was instructed to use the necessary forms of articles and hence I mistook it and started using the in each of the noun that had no article. Hence, I was said that my assignment contains unnecessary articles. In discussing the possible causes of the problem, I wrote in most of my context that I had not find any explicit strong association of the article in the native language and henceforth I neglected the persistent result of the cause. In order to improve this problem, I started reading several grammar books that were written in English as well as in Mandarin. However, I still faced challenges to decide which rule I have to apply under different situations. I honestly confess that I have not solved this issue and I started learning from my mistakes. The third types of errors made by me was in the vocabulary section of the assignment. Since I had not learnt enough of the understanding of the article, I started using wrong vocabulary and inappropriate words thinking in context with my native language. Besides, in my first assignment, I also used some informal vocabulary as I was not fully aware of the academic vocabulary of the text. To reduce such mistakes in my second assignment, I took the help of the dictionary and the sentences that were given in the examples. I started reading more academic vocabulary and visited the websites from where I corrected my second assignment. In the part of the conclusion, I have remodeled most of my assignment and tried to avoid as much mistakes as I could. Nevertheless, I found difficulties in some of them to improve them totally. In order to enhance my writing skill in the language, I started reading more related articles and journals and made it a habit to contact the dictionary whenever a problem pops up. References: Basha, M. "Causes for Educated Unemployment in India with Special Reference to Higher Education."Splint International Journal of Professionals3, no. 4 (2016): 30. Birdsall, Nancy. Analytical Approaches to the Relationship of Population Growth and Development. Population and Development Review, Vol. 3, No , Mar.Jun.1977, pp.63-102. Bokde, Neeraj Dhanraj, Aditya Gupta, and Kishore Kulat. "Backward Elimination Approach of Regression Model to Decide the Road Safety Policies Across the States in India."Indian Journal of Science and Technology9, no. 48 (2017). Brandon Lozeau. The Effects of Population Growth on Economic Performances in China and India. Brussels Journal of International Studies, Vol. 4 , 2007 Cassen, Robert.India: population, economy, society. Springer, 2016. Coale, Ansley Johnson, and Edgar M. Hoover.Population growth and economic development. Princeton University Press, 2015. Grimmett, Richard, Carol Inskipp, and Tim Inskipp.Birds of the Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013. International Policy Digest. 2017."Impact Of Overpopulation On India's Growth". https://intpolicydigest.org/2017/06/19/impact-of-overpopulation-on-india-s-growth/. Moghadam, Hossein Shafizadeh, and Marco Helbich. "Spatiotemporal urbanization processes in the megacity of Mumbai, India: A Markov chains-cellular automata urban growth model."Applied Geography40 (2013): 140-149. Phukan. Overpopulation in India- Causes, Effects and How to Control it? July, 2014 https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/overpopulation-in-india-causes-effects-and-how-to-control-it Rifaat, Shafik I. "The Modern City Re-invented: A Conceptual Model for Sustainable Urban Form."Global Studies Journal7, no. 4 (2015). Singh, Rajeev Pratap, Anita Singh, and Vaibhav Srivastava, eds.Environmental Issues Surrounding Human Overpopulation. IGI Global, 2016. Singh, Rajeev Pratap, Anita Singh, and Vaibhav Srivastava, eds.Environmental Issues Surrounding Human Overpopulation. IGI Global, 2016.;

INSECT BITES & STINGS Essays - Animal Attacks, First Aid

INSECT BITES & STINGS MS.SHOLES 3-5-99 HEALTH PROJECT THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BITING AND STINGING INSECTS. VENOMUS, AND NON-VENOMUS. THE VENOMUS INSECTS ARE WASPS, HORNETS, YELLOW-JACKETS, FIRE ANTS AND ALL BEES.THE NON-VENOMUS INSECTS ARE THE CHIGGERS, FLEAS, LICE, SCABIES, BED BUGS, TICKS, AND MOSQUITOES. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF INSECT BITES, AND STINGS EASY TO SPOT. ALL INSECT BITES AND STINGS SYMPTOMES ARE THE SAME THE ITCHING, PAIN, ALLERGIC REACTIONS, AND SWELLING/REDNESS. FOR VENOMUS BITES EVERY THING LISTED ABOVE ARE COMMON FOR NON-VENOMUS THEY ARE RARE. THE DIFFERNCE BETWEEN A BITE AND A STING IS DUE TO THE NATURE OF IT. VENOMUS INSECTS ATTACK AS A DEFENSE MECHANISM, INJECTING PAINFUL, TOXIC VENOM THROUGH THEIR STINGERS TO PUNISH YOU SO YOU'LL STAY AWAY NEXT TIME.NON-VENOMOUS INSECTS BITE AND USUALLY INJECT ANTI-COAGULANT SALIVA IN ORDER TO FEED ON YOUR BLOOD. ALTHOUGH LOCAL IRRITATION AND ALLERGIC REACTIONS DO OCCUR FROM NON-VENOMOUS BITES, SEVERE REACTIONS SUCH AS ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK ONLY HAPPEN FROM VENOM STINGS. INSECT BITES AND STINGS CAN RANGE IN SERIOUSNESS FROM MINOR TO SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS. CONSIDER THE SYMPTOMS WHEN DETERMINING THE SERIOUSNESS. MINOR BITES AND STINGS MAY CAUSE ANY ONE OR A COMBONATION OF THE FOLLOWING SYMPTOMES: STINGING, PAIN, BURNING, REDNESS, RASH, SWELLING, ITCHING, OR NUMBERSIN THE AREA AROUND THE WOUND. SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS MAY ALSO INCLUDE MUSCE AND OR STOMACH CRAMPS, NAUSEA, VOMITING, BREATHING DIFFICULTY, SWEATING, FEVER, DROWSINESS, HIVES, COUGHING, WHEEZING, ANXIETY, DIZZINESS, OR BLURRING VISION. IN THE EVENT THE PATIENT EXPERIENCES ANY OF THESE ALLERGIC SYMPTOMES, SEEK MEDICAL TREATMENT IMMEDIATELY. PERSONS WITH A HISTORY OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS SHOULD KEEP ANTIHISTAMINE TABLETS OR A PREPARED INJECTION KIT CLOSE BY IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY. FOR TREATMENT OF MINOR STINGS, REMOVE THE STINGER BY SCRAPING THE AREA WITH A KNIFEBLADE, CARD EDGE, OR FINGERNAIL. DO NOT SQUEEZE IT, FOR THAT PRESSES MORE VENOM INTO THE SKIN. WASH THE AREA WITH ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP, APPLY ICE COMPRESS, AND APPLY A SOOTHING LOTION SACH AS CALMINE AND ANTIHISTHAMINE CREAMS TO REDUCE SYMPTOMS. WITH A STING OR A BITE, IT IS IMPORTANT TO WASH THE AREA IMMEDIATELY WITH AN ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP, COVER THE AREA, AND AVOID SCRATCHING. FOR MORE INFORMATION ON HOW TO TREAT INSECT BITES AND STINGS, PLEASE CONSULT A PHISICAION.

Understanding Product Knowledge essays

Understanding Product Knowledge essays When Purchasing a Computer Buying a computer seems like a daunting task to many. There are many factors to consider when making a purchase. Brand name, functionality, speed and customer support are just some of the factors that one must consider when researching the options. In order to wisely purchase a computer, one must attain a considerable amount of product knowledge, to get the most value for their dollar. Consumers have different levels of product knowledge, which they can use to interpret information and make product choices. (Peter 64) When researching computers, product knowledge could range in consumers minds from abstract to less abstract thoughts about the options. Within this scope of abstract to less abstract options could be 4 sub-categories of product knowledge. These include product class, product form, brand name and the model or features. The most abstract and first of the four categories is product class. This is the most basic of the four categories. Simply for this demonstration, the product class being discussed is a desktop computer or generally the product type. Now this class differs slightly from some other similar computing product classes such as laptop computers, mainframes and personal digital assistants (PDAs). The second of the four sub-categories is product form. The basic product form differentiation that one must make is what do you need a computer for and if you need a home-based PC or business-based PC. This would be considered identifying the product class, a home-based system versus a business based-one. The fact is that the average home user who needs a general-purpose PC to go on the Internet and run productivity applications differs little from the average worker in an office. Indeed, the actual features in a vendor's business line does not differ much from what's in the home, except at the extreme end of the spectrum, such as a non-upgradeable closed-box corporate PC versus a lo...

Definitions and Examples of Isoglosses in Linguistics

Definitions and Examples of Isoglosses in Linguistics An isogloss is a geographical boundary line marking the area in which a distinctive linguistic feature commonly occurs. Adjective: isoglossal or isoglossic. Also known as  heterogloss.  From the Greek, similar or equal tongue. Pronounced  I-se-glos. This linguistic feature may be phonological (e.g., the pronunciation of a vowel), lexical (the use of a word), or some other aspect of language.   Major divisions between dialects are marked by bundles of isoglosses. Examples and Observations [S]peakers in southern Pennsylvania say bucket, and those in the north part of the state say pail. [The line of demarcation between the two] is called an isogloss. Dialect areas are determined by large bundles of such isoglosses.Several noteworthy projects have been devoted to mapping the features and distribution of dialects across the United States, including Frederic Cassidys Dictionary of American Regional English [DARE] (begun in the 1960s and [completed in 2013]), and William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Bobergs The Atlas of North American English (ANAE), published in 2005.Regional DialectsEnglish is made up of a number of regional dialects... Linguists can identify the main characteristics of different regions, and the isoglosses establish boundaries which group together non-standard dialect forms with similar distinctive linguistic features. Inevitably, there are some overlapsalthough non-standard lexis tends to be located in specific regions, non-standard grammatical featu res are similar across boundaries. Drawing an Optimal Isogloss:  The task of drawing an optimal isogloss has five stages:Selecting a linguistic feature that will be used to classify and define a regional dialect.Specifying a binary division of that feature or a combination of binary features.Drawing an isogloss for that division of the feature, using the procedures described below.Measuring the consistency and homogeneity of the isogloss by the measures to be described below.Recycling through steps 1-4 to find the definition of the feature that maximizes consistency or homogeneity.Focal Areas and Relic AreasIsoglosses can also show that a particular set of linguistic features appears to be spreading from one location, a focal area, into neighboring locations. In the 1930s and 1940s Boston and Charleston were the two focal areas for the temporary spread of r-lessness in the eastern United States. Alternatively, a particular area, a relic area, may show characteristics of being unaffected by changes spreading out from one or more neighboring areas. Places like London and Boston are obviously focal areas; places like Marthas Vineyardit remained r-pronouncing in the 1930s and 1940s even as Boston dropped the pronunciationin New England and Devon in the extreme southwest of England are relic areas. Kinds of Linguistic FeaturesFurther distinctions can be made in terms of the kind of linguistic feature being isolated: an isophone is a line drawn to mark the limits of a phonological feature; an isomorph marks the limits of a morphological feature; an isolex marks the limits of a lexical item; an isoseme marks the limits of a semantic feature (as when lexical items of the same phonological form take on different meanings in different areas).The Canadian Shift IsoglossA given region may have optimal conditions for a given sound change, which may affect almost all speakers. This is the case with the Canadian Shift, involving a retraction of /e/ and /ae/ . . .; it is especially favored in Canada because the low back merger that triggers the shift takes place well to the back of the vowel space for almost everyone. Homogeneity for the Canadian Shift isogloss, which stops at the Canadian border, is .84 (21 of the 25 speakers within the isogloss). But the same process takes place occasio nally throughout other areas of low back merger in the U.S., so that consistency for the Canadian isogloss is only .34. Outside of Canada, the instances of this phenomenon are scattered throughout a much larger population, and leakage is only .10. Homogeneity is the crucial measure for the dynamics of the Canadian vowel system. Sources Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck,  Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010Sara Thorne,  Mastering Advanced English Language, 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg,  The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruyter, 2005Ronald Wardhaugh,  An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010David Crystal,  A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 4th ed. Blackwell, 1997William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg,  The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruyter, 2005

Historical Developement of Separation of Powers Essay

Historical Developement of Separation of Powers - Essay Example In 17th century England, it emerged for the first time as a coherent theory of government, explicitly set out, and urged as the 'grand secret of liberty and good government'" (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). In the upheaval of the Civil War, the doctrine emerged as a response to the need for a new constitutional theory when a system of government based upon "a mixture of King, Lords, and Commons" seemed no longer relevant. "Growing out of the more ancient theory, the doctrine became both a rival to it and a means of broadening and developing it into the 18th century theory of the balanced constitution" (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). The revolutionary potentialities of the doctrine were fully realized in America and France, but when its viability as a theory of government was tested "its weaknesses were revealed; this one revolutionary idea could also become a bulwark of conservatism." (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2) The attack on the doctrine came in two waves: First, the middle class "which had most fervently supported it", now saw within its reach control of political power through extension of the franchise, and the need for a theory that was essentially a challenge to the power of aristocracy diminished; however, until the Second Reform Act in England, the doctrine was sought only to be re-examined (Vile; M.J.C.; 1967; chapter 2). ... Changing ideas about the role of government and its structure were "accompanied by a changing emphasis in ideas about the nature of sovereignty". (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). In earlier centuries, the need for a single omnipotent source of power had been stressed by "theorists of absolutism", and rejected by liberal constitutionalists, who swore by division of power and the limitations on power imposed by the constitution or by a higher law. "Rousseau's association of unlimited sovereignty with the people led to reorientation of ideas" (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2) .If franchise could be restricted to those with a stake in the community, the idea of an unlimited, indivisible sovereign power became for the liberal individualist not a threat but a safeguard; "it became in the hands of Bentham and Austin an instrument for reform of government which would increase the freedom of the individual". However, "the desire for a unified system of government, whether to achieve reform or f or positive State action, led to a rediscovery of the role of discretion and prerogative in government." (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2) Realization that the functional concepts of the doctrine of separation of powers were inadequate to explain the operations of government was heightened by emerging awareness of the nature of bureaucracy; "the impact of Prussian bureaucracy in the 19th century, establishment of a non-political civil service in England, dissatisfaction with the spoils system in the United States, development of the Weberian theory bureaucracy, (all) led to a reassessment of the 'executive' function". (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). Thus the demand for establishment of "harmony" between the legislature and the executive

Bioethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Bioethics - Essay Example This universal prescriptivism results in the form of consequentialism, claiming that the rightness of an action actually depends upon its consequences (Kuhse & Singer, 1999). Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill brought forward classical utilitarianism which states that an action is right if it leads to a greater surplus of happiness over misery than any possible alternative and wrong if it does not (Kuhse & Singer, 1999). By â€Å"greater surplus of happiness†, the classical utilitarian refers to the concept of accumulating all the pleasure or happiness that resulted from the action and deducting from that sum all the pain or misery resulting from the action (Kuhse & Singer, 1999).  Being a consequentialism, particularly a classical utilitarian, I would first of all find out and be completely assured that this was the surest and the only way of retaining enduring happiness to the entire mankind (Kuhse & Singer, 1999). Any utilitarian, keeping in mind the giant mission of achieving contentment of the world’s people would surely accept the job of being the architect of the happiness of the world at the cost of the child’s unexpiated t ears (Kuhse & Singer, 1999). We are already aware that in certain situations it might be possible only to lessen misery and hence the correct action should be realized as the one that will lead to less misery than other possible option.  While making any ethical judgment, it must be universalizable for hypothetical and real situations as well (Kuhse & Singer, 1999). At the time of making an ethical judgment, one is expected to put himself or herself in place of the parties involved and determine whether he or she can still accept that judgement. In this particular case, suppose the father is aware that the torture on his child is the only process left which guarantees the overall welfare of the people all around the globe.

Cell Adhesion Molecules in Olfactory Connection Formation

Cell Adhesion Molecules in Olfactory Connection Formation This dissertation study investigated expression, function and the regulatory mechanism of cell adhesion molecules in the formation of olfactory connections. Identification and characterization of a novel protocadherin, Pcdh20, provided additional evidence that multiple cell adhesion molecules are involved in the development of the olfactory system. In combination with several established studies by Sakano and Yoshihara’s group, my study further supports the neural identity model and provides a regulatory mechanism involving MeCP2 in the establishment and maintenance of this combinatory cell adhesion molecule expression in the olfactory sensory neurons. OR identity in correlation with cell adhesion molecule expression Though many cell adhesion molecule expression patterns were described, few of them were correlated with specific ORs. On the other side of the coin, it is also unknown whether a specific OR is correlated with a specific set of cell adhesion molecules throughout development. In adult mice, Pcdh20 expression is in a subpopulation of OSNs and their axons terminate in a small number of discrete Pcdh20-positive glomeruli in the OB. Interestingly, the distribution and numbers of Pcdh20-positive glomeruli are markedly different across gender. More Pcdh20-positive glomeruli with a wider distribution pattern are observed in the male OB, whereas fewer glomeruli with more restricted clustering of Pcdh20-positive glomeruli are found in female OB. The sexually dimorphic expression of Pcdh20 suggests that there may be different ORs associated with Pcdh20 in different sexes. 103 If Pcdh20 expression is correlated with specific OR expression, identification of Pcdh20 associated ORs could reveal possible sex-specific OR expression and aid in further investigation of OR-specific ligand function. In previous studies, cDNA libraries from a single OSN were obtained. OR expression in a single OSN can be identified by PCR using degenerate primers (Dulac and Axel, 1995). In collaboration with Dr. T. Cutforth from Stanford University, I have initiated this study by isolating single OSNs by dissociation of OE and attempting to identify Pcdh20 expressing cells by PCR. Several attempts were made to confirm OR expression using degenerate primers designed by L. Buck (Buck and Axel, 1989). Though I will not be able to complete this study during my dissertation research, identification of Pcdh20 associated ORs will provide important insight into not only OR and CAM association but also understanding of differential OR gene expression in different sexes and whether or not the main OB is related to pheromone recognition. Neuronal activity and regulation of cell adhesion molecule expression Neuronal activity results in long term changes in neurons by regulating gene expression. OSNs constantly respond to external stimuli throughout the life of the animal. Using genetic models and surgical manipulations, it is shown that blocking odorant evoked activity alters the expression of selected cell adhesion molecules. Even though regulation of cell adhesion molecule expression is important for the formation of olfactory axonal converge into glomeruli, the regulatory mechanism of gene expression is undetermined. I reported here that olfactory axon convergence is disrupted in MeCP2 null mice. Furthermore, I also obtained evidence that MeCP2 directly regulated Kirrel 2/3 expression. In MeCP2 KO mice, significant increases in Kirrel2/3 gene transcripts were observed in OE, suggesting that MeCP2 is a transcription suppressor for Kirrel 2/3 gene expression. In addition, my data provide evidence that MeCP2 function is regulated by neuronal activity. With the presence of odorant evoked 104 activity, MeCP2 is phosphorylated at Serine80 and also possesses enhanced binding affinity to promoters of Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 genes. Though MeCP2 increased its binding to promoters of both Kirrel2 and Kirrel3, transcript level changes are markedly different between Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 under odorant stimulation. Other transcription factors were shown to be regulated by neuronal activity. It is likely that both Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 are regulated under multiple neural activity dependent transcription factors. We propose a model in which a balanced transcriptional regulation from both repressors (like MeCP2) and enhancers (like CREB, MEF) determines the expression levels of Kirrel2 and Kirrel3. When both repressor and enhancer are under neural activity regulation, how the balance tilts will determine whether Kirrel2/3 expression will be up- or down-regulated in OSNs. In this study, the olfactory system serves as an excellent model system to study gene regulation of MeCP2 by neuronal activity at physiological levels. Previously, the mechanism of MeCP2 on gene expression regulation by neuronal activity was only studied in vitro. The brain is composed of heterogeneous cells and their neuronal circuits are extremely complex. In contrast, the OE is composed of a single type of neuron. This property provides an opportunity to study neuronal subtype specific MeCP2 function. In addition, the olfactory system provides an excellent system to study the effect of neuronal activity due to it accessibility. Odorant stimulation can be given to the OSNs in the nasal cavity to allow investigation of gene regulation under physiological level of stimulation. To further investigate the model we proposed, it is important to elucidate the full spectrum of MeCP2 target gene regulation. Future study should be done to screen MeCP2 target binding through ChIP-Chip analysi s. MeCP2 binding sequence will provide information in the target genes they regulate in the OSNs. To further provide or block odorant evoked activity, changes in MeCP2 binding will allow us to identify target genes that are activity dependent. Furthermore, identification of odorant evoked activity dependent transcription enhancers in OSNs will allow further  validation of the regulatory model we proposed here. Understanding neural activity dependent MeCP2 function is critical in elucidating the mechanisms of Rett Syndrome. Though rapid progress has been made in the identification of MeCP2 targeting genes, we still do not understand how changes in gene expression result in neuronal structural and functional changes. Rett Syndrome is exacerbated during the early postnatal period. Neural activity plays a critical role in this process. Understanding the relationship between physiological levels of neuronal activity and MeCP2 regulation is the obvious next challenge. The olfactory system provides an excellent model for the easy manipulation of activity stimulation and examination of subtle axonal targeting defects. This study established that cell adhesion molecules are regulated by MeCP2 in an activity dependent manner. Further genomic analysis will provide a comprehensive understanding of MeCP2 regulation of gene expression and could help in the development of treatment strategies for Rett Sy ndrome.